Chocolate craving comes from total sensory pleasure

2013-08-07

By Philippa Roxby Health reporter, BBC News

A chocolate lover’s dream? Overflowing molten chocolate

For most of us, chocolate is a guilty pleasure. We crave it because it tastes wonderful and sweet – although we know we should really be stretching for the fruit bowl.

The British are particularly fond of chocolate. Research shows that, on average, Britons enjoy about 11kg (24lb) of chocolate a year, making the UK one of the biggest consumers of chocolate in the world. Only the Swiss and Germans eat more.

But a recent study suggests that chocolate cravings are not a modern phenomenon. In fact, chocoholism may date back to the 18th Century and beyond.

Cacao beans, which are the basic component of chocolate, were roasted, ground and drunk with water by the Mayans from around 2,000 years ago.

In the 14th Century, the Aztecs concocted chocolate drinks with flavourings and used the beans to treat a number of common ailments.

Then in the late 1700s in Mexico, a young doctor started seeing chocolate as harmful, rather than medicinal. He blamed an increase in hysteria among women and nuns in several cities on their excessive consumption of chocolate.

Was this actually an extreme form of chocolate craving?

According to a paper presented at the International Congress on the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at the University of Manchester this weekend, cacao was very popular at the time and could be served hot or cold for medicinal or pleasure purposes.

Nuns were particularly privileged, says author Dr Mauricio Sanchez Menchero, and they “were able to have as much chocolate as they wished for regardless of costs”.

Even a sharp rise in the price of chocolate did not affect consumption levels in convents, he says.

So when new laws were brought in which forced nuns to do away with personal servants and make their own food and drinks, their intake of cacao was “greatly diminished” and they were afflicted by hysterical attacks.

Dr Jose Bartolache was convinced that the cacao plant played a major role in ill health, although very tight clothes and going to bed late were other supposed causes.

The bitter, dark chocolate eaten by the nuns is nothing like the sugary, flavoured milk chocolate which is popular today – but the reaction is understandable.

Many people would claim to crave chocolate and enjoy the feeling that eating it induces.

The key to this may be a chemical called anandamide, which is similar to the compounds released when cannabis is taken.

It is released in small quantities when we eat chocolate and it creates a relaxing feeling.

Prof Philip K. Wilson, joint author of Chocolate as Medicine – A Quest over the Centuries with Jeffrey Hurst, says what lies behind the aphrodisiac qualities of chocolate is still to be answered.

“It’s difficult to tease apart which chemicals may be contributing to which psychological functions. There are over 500 chemicals in consumer chocolate products, so there’s a lifetime of chemical analysis still to be done,” says Prof Wilson.

His hunch is that the “almost seductive” texture of chocolate is as important as its ingredients.

Dr Barry Smith, director of the Centre for the Study of the Senses at Birkbeck University of London, agrees.

He says the combination of the smoothness and creaminess of chocolate in the mouth, the sweetness of the taste – boosted by vanilla flavouring – and the smell of it before it even hits the taste buds make chocolate-eating a hugely pleasurable experience.

And this contrasts with other foods.

“Cheese might smell stinky but it can taste great. Brewed coffee always smells fantastic but it’s not the same taste when you drink it – and that’s disappointing.

“But with chocolate, the pleasure of anticipation and the reward in eating it match up. The aroma and the taste are the same.

“And that matters because there are two sorts of pleasure involved,” says Dr Smith.

He recommends taking time to savour a piece of chocolate, then comparing that experience with eating it quickly.

“When you start eating it, turn it around in your mouth to get the melting quality which strokes the tongue.

“Receptors in the tongue then respond to this stroking and it’s a different feeling from touch.

“That’s why we love a velvety wine or double cream – it’s the feeling on our tongues.”

Both men and women can experience the pleasure of chocolate but women’s superior sense of smell means that they may be more likely to enjoy the ride.

And yet not all countries and cultures show cravings for chocolate.

There is a theory that because chocolate is perceived as “bad food” – because of its sugar and fat content – we try to avoid eating it, and this leads us to crave it, because it is forbidden.

However in recent years, chocolate’s press has improved to the extent that it is now known to have some health benefits.

The type of polyphenols present in cacao beans, known as flavanoids, are antioxidants and there is some evidence that this action may help protect our hearts – but only as part of a healthy and balanced diet.

As for whether chocolate can actually improve our mood, there is limited evidence according to neuroscientists.

But millions of women (and nuns) can’t be wrong, can they?