Category Archives: Sexual Health

Sex After Pregnancy: When Can I Resume Intercourse?

Sex After Pregnancy: When Can I Resume Intercourse?

2016-05-06

Most mothers will agree that the last thing on their mind after having a baby is sex. However, this is not often the case with their partner! On the other hand, some women may be ready to resume sexual intercourse shortly after having a baby. But when is the right time to resume sexual intercourse?
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In general, it is recommended that sexual intercourse is avoided for the first 4-6 weeks following a vaginal or cesarean (C-section) delivery; however, it is important to speak with your health care provider before resuming sex.

Most often, especially in cases of a C-section, perineal tear or episiotomy, it is recommended to wait until after you are seen for your 6-week postpartum visit for the green light from a health care provider to resume sexual activity.

Following childbirth, your body is in a healing phase in which bleeding stops, tears heal and the cervix closes. Having intercourse too early, especially within the first two weeks, is not recommended due to a risk of postpartum hemorrhage or uterine infection.

When a woman is ready to resume sexual intercourse following the birth of a baby depends on several factors, including:

Pain levels
Fatigue
Stress
Sex drive
Fear of sex or pregnancy
Vaginal dryness
Postpartum depression.
What will sex after giving birth feel like?
Due to the hormonal changes experienced during the postpartum period, many women experience vaginal dryness, which may continue past the typical 4-6 week timeframe if breastfeeding; this is due to low levels of circulating estrogen.

Breastfeeding can also lower your sex drive. In addition to lower levels of circulating hormones, painful sex may accompany a perineal tear or episiotomy, which can last for several months following the birth of a baby.

Steps that can reduce pain associated with sex after pregnancy include:

Controlling the depth of penetration with varied sexual positions
Increasing vaginal lubrication
Taking pain medication
Emptying the bladder
Taking a warm bath.
Vaginal lubrication such as over-the-counter creams or gels may be useful in relieving the symptoms of vaginal dryness. If you are using barrier method birth control, using a water-based lubricant is recommended to avoid weakening the latex.

Alternatively, oral or manual stimulation may be an option during the healing process. For some people, an appointment with a pelvic floor rehabilitation specialist may be recommended to evaluate and treat painful postpartum sex.

Sex following childbirth may feel different due to decreased vaginal muscle tone and stretching. Typically, this laxity in vaginal tone is temporary, however, and is affected by factors such as genetics, the size of the baby, the number of previous births and the use of Kegel exercises.

Instructions on how to do Kegel exercises can be accessed here.

Hormones can cause a variety of interesting – and, at times, inconvenient – symptoms. For example, during sexual intercourse, your breasts may leak milk due to the hormonal response to orgasm. Try pumping before having sex to reduce this symptom.

One Technique to Avoid When Trying to Appear Larger

One Technique to Avoid When Trying to Appear Larger

2016-05-03

Lots of guys worry about their size. Even though study after study has shown that the vast majority are in the average range, this preoccupation has not dissipated. If anything, the advent of the internet, specifically internet pornography, but dating sites and social media too, has made this obsession worse. Enhancement ads litter the internet, from bizarre and mostly likely dangerous devices, to pills with ineffective and even toxic ingredients. Yet, legions of males purchase these every day, whether risky or not. Then there are subtle techniques men use to give themselves a boost, visually. They display it to their lover from the side, instead of a top-down or frontal view. In this way, it will appear bigger. Some men work extra hard to get rid of belly fat in order to make themselves look well endowed. Then there are certain positions that give one greater depth and so the feeling of filling her up. But one technique often touted, that you should avoid doing, is shaving off all your pubic hair.

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Lots of men’s magazines and other resources recommend this. The lack of thick tuffs of hair will of course make it appear larger. But there is a downside. First, there is a nickname for this phenomenon, a “freshly plucked turkey.” Few men want their genitalia to be referred to in this manner. Guys are very penis centered its true. Yet, they aren’t trying to impress themselves or even rivals, but women. It is how women evaluate such things that men should be concerned about. A recent study found that women generally remembered a penis being larger after intercourse than it actually was. Generally speaking women are less than thrilled with the visual a penis gives anyway. The male anatomy is not considered aesthetically pleasing.

Instead, it is the emotional bond she has with her partner that a woman focuses on. Now the downside, surprising her with a shaved pubic area could give her a shock. She might wonder what made you do it, and why this obsession with size. Being taken aback may even kill the mood. Really, just be confident and she will respond to the tone you set and your performance, not your equipment. Now for those concerned about performance, especially those suffering from PE or ED, talk to your doctor or an urologist. There are many therapies available today to overcome these common problems. What’s more, a concerning health issue may be at its root.

Prevalence of homosexuality in men is stable throughout time since many carry the genes

Prevalence of homosexuality in men is stable throughout time since many carry the genes

2016-05-02

Around half of all heterosexual men and women potentially carry so-called homosexuality genes that are passed on from one generation to the next. This has helped homosexuality to be present among humans throughout history and in all cultures, even though homosexual men normally do not have many descendants who can directly inherit their genes. This idea is reported by Giorgi Chaladze of the Ilia State University in Georgia, and published in Springer’s journalArchives of Sexual Behavior. Chaladze used a computational model that, among others, includes aspects of heredity and the tendency of homosexual men to come from larger families.

According to previous research, sexual orientation is influenced to a degree by genetic factors and is therefore heritable. Chaladze says this poses a problem from an evolutionary perspective, because homosexual men tend not to have many offspring to whom they can provide their genetic material. In fact, they have on average five times fewer children than their heterosexual counterparts.

Chaladze used an individual-based genetic model to explain the stable, yet persistent, occurrence of homosexuality within larger populations. He took into account findings from recent studies that show that homosexual men tend to come from larger families. These suggest that the genes responsible for homosexuality in men increase fecundity (the actual number of children someone has) among their female family members, who also carry the genes. Other reports also suggest that many heterosexual men are carriers of the genes that could predispose someone to homosexuality.

Based on Chaladze’s calculations, male homosexuality is maintained in a population at low and stable frequencies if half of the men and roughly more than half of the women carry genes that predispose men to homosexuality.

“The trend of female family members of homosexual men to have more offspring can help explain the persistence of homosexuality, if we also consider that those males who have such genes are not always homosexuals,” says Chaladze.

The possibility that many heterosexual men are carriers can also explain why estimates of the number of men who have reported any same-sex sexual behavior and same-sex sexual attraction are much higher than estimates of those who self-identify as homosexual or bisexual. According to Chaladze, non-homosexual male carriers might sometimes manifest interest in homosexual behavior without having a homosexual identity.

The possibility that a large percentage of heterosexual people are carriers of genetic material predisposing to homosexuality has implications for genomic studies. Researchers should therefore consider including participants who do not have homosexual relatives in such studies.


Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Springer. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Chaladze, G. Heterosexual Male Carriers Could Explain Persistence of Homosexuality in Men: Individual-Based Simulations of an X-Linked Inheritance Model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2016 DOI:10.1007/s10508-016-0742-2

My boyfriend’s erectile issues are affecting my confidence

My boyfriend’s erectile issues are affecting my confidence

2016-03-14

Q. Sometimes my boyfriend and I have great sex — but occasionally he struggles to get enough of an erection for penetrative sex.

I find it difficult because it affects my confidence, and of course his. What could the reason be?

A. The cause could be psychological, or it could be an indication of an underlying health problem. Either way, your boyfriend needs to see a doctor.

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Sexual health does not exist in a realm of its own. It is integral to, and an important marker of, everyone’s general health.

In men, erectile difficulties are associated with a host of serious conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and other neurologic and endocrine disorders.

Before you get too anxious, however, I should add that the bulk of research into erectile dysfunction (ED) has been carried out on men over 50 and these conditions also tend to be more common in older men, so there is uncertainty about what is cause and what is effect.

Because erectile function declines with age, when younger men go to a GP with erectile difficulties there is a tendency to presume that the problem is psychological.

However, younger men with ED should always be screened for underlying health problems — a recent study confirmed that in men under 40 ED may be the first clinical sign of the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, which is a precursor to heart disease.

One of the most important clues about the nature of a man’s ED is whether or not he can achieve a rigid erection during manual masturbation.

If your boyfriend can sustain a firm erection during solo sex but he fails when you try to have sex with each other, his problem may relate to stress, anxiety or depression.

If, however, he can’t sustain a firm erection during masturbation and he doesn’t experience nocturnal penile tumescence, the problem is more likely to be related to a health condition.

Psychological ED can often be traced to difficult life events, such as job loss, bereavement, or relationship problems, but it can also be triggered by stressful sexual events.

All men, no matter what their age, experience the occasional uncooperative erection. Hangovers, for example, make it more difficult to get an erection and because hangovers also increase anxiety, they can set up a nasty feedback loop where a failed erection causes performance anxiety, which, in turn, inhibits erection.

Whatever the cause of your boyfriend’s problem, the one thing you need to know is that it is not a reflection of how attracted he is to you.

Try not to take it personally and do your best to encourage him to get a diagnosis as soon as possible. It is very difficult for young men to process the implications of ED, so your support will be hugely important.

Although this might seem like an insurmountable hurdle now, couples who have to deal with sexual difficulties often find that being forced to talk openly to each other about sex establishes much more open and honest lines of communication, and this improves their overall satisfaction within the relationship.

The good news is that there is an ever-increasing range of treatments available to treat ED, so with the right medical or psychological help, he should be able to resolve the problem.

In the meantime, focus on sustaining intimacy in any way you can.

Stepping It Up For Women’s HIV Prevention

Stepping It Up For Women’s HIV Prevention

By Shayna Buhler, Senior Program Officer, Interagency Coalition on AIDS and Development (ICAD)

When it comes to HIV, there’s a long way to go to Step it up For Gender Parity by 2030, but progress is being made on several fronts. Key to addressing HIV among women and the gender inequities that fuel the epidemic among them, is the search for new prevention options that make sense in women’s lives and give them the power to make decisions about their own sexual and reproductive health, including HIV prevention. Women continue to be at disproportionately high risk of HIV infection and AIDS is the leading cause of death worldwide for women of reproductive age.

Many women around the world are placed in situations where they are often unable to negotiate with their partners to be faithful or to use condoms. Stepping it up for gender parity requires that women have access to a range of HIV prevention options, including those that they can use without partner involvement if they choose. Recent advances in oral pre-exposure prophylaxis have contributed to an expanding set of options, and two weeks ago, the results of two vaginal microbicide trials were released, taking us one momentous step forward along this path.

Microbicides are biomedical products being developed to protect healthy people from becoming infected with HIV during sex. Both the Ring Study, led by the International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM), and ASPIRE, led by the US national Institutes of Health -funded Microbicide Trials Network (MTN) demonstrated that a monthly vaginal ring containing the anti-retroviral drug dapivarine worked to safely reduce the risk of HIV infection among the women who wore them. This was the first time that two studies have confirmed that a vaginal microbicide can safely offer protection against HIV. Participants from this and other trials, their communities, prevention advocates and researchers have been working and waiting for this moment for a long time.

The results of the two trials were positive but not overwhelmingly so. The trial showed that compared to the placebo, the monthly dapivarine ring reduced the risk of HIV infection by 31 percent and 27 percent respectively. Much more will be learned as the data continues to be analyzed but a couple of things seem clear. One, the ring works much better when it is used consistently. It works best when it is kept in for the full 30 days and then replaced with a new ring. This is not surprising. We have learned of the importance of consistent use with oral pre-exposure prophylaxis and from previous microbicide trials.

We know this to be true for condoms as well– if they aren’t used consistently and correctly, they just don’t work as well. We also know that the women in the trial removed a ring that to their knowledge may have contained either dapivarine or a placebo, and that dapivarine may or may not work to prevent HIV infection. They were being reminded of these uncertainties at every clinic visit. In Open Label Extension studies that will follow, in which participants from both placebo and dapivarine arms of the trial can participate and access the monthly dapivarine ring (without being blinded), we will be able to get a much clearer picture of how consistently women might use a product that they know contains a drug that has been proven to work.

The studies also indicate that the dapivarine ring showed higher efficacy among women over the age of 21 and showed little to no protection in women ages 18 to 21. More research and analysis will help us to understand whether this is due to different levels of consistency in usage, or due to some other factor such as biological difference.

Young women desperately need more prevention options–globally, they face excessively high rates of HV infection, and may have less power than older women to negotiate the terms of their sexual relationships. But women aged 22 to 26 also have extremely high rates of HIV infection and we cannot underestimate the value of expanding prevention options for this age group.

We have only to look at the example of birth control to be reminded that as women’s lives change, so too will their decisions around sexual and reproductive health. A woman can go through several different birth control options throughout the reproductive life cycle, depending on what she has access to, her lifestyle, the level of risk she is willing to take on, her changing preferences and her biology.

There is no product that will be right for all women, and this highlights the necessity of developing a range of accessible options and to working with young women to figure out what they can and will use as HIV prevention, and of ensuring that young women have access to all prevention options, even if they won’t all choose to use them.

In September 2015, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes a set of 17 goals interlinked to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030. Preventing new HIV infections among women through an expanded range of prevention options has the potential to have an incredible impact on the Sustainable Development Goals, from addressing food security, advancing gender equity, building healthier communities — all contributing to economic growth.

Increasing the number of women who are living without HIV, and who have control over their sexual and reproductive health and rights, can face fewer challenges in going to school or work, caring for their children, giving birth to HIV negative children, and facing fewer strains on resources, which is a critical step towards gender equality.

Developing and providing women with access to and knowledge about tools to make decisions about their sexual and reproductive health, possibly with and possibly without negotiation with their partners, is an incredible step towards gender equality. This International Women’s Day, the recent trial results are cause for celebration and call for the redoubling of advocacy efforts to ensure that safe and effective products make it to the hands of the women who need them and that research and development continue to increase the number of options available to all women to prevent HIV infection.


Shayna Buhler
 is a Senior Program Officer with the Interagency Coalition on AIDS and Development (ICAD). ICAD provides leadership in the response of Canadian international development organizations and Canadian HIV organizations in reducing the impact of the global HIV and AIDS epidemic.

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This blog is part of an International Women’s Day series produced by theInteragency Coalition on AIDS and Development (ICAD) in recognition of International Women’s Day 2016 (March 8). The series runs during the week of March 7, 2016 and will feature a selection of blogs written by our member and partner organizations who will share their broad range. Each provides their perspective and their insight on what must be done to achieve UN Women’s campaign of “Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender Equality” as we embark on the race to meet our 2030 Goals for Sustainable Development.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this blog series are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of ICAD.

Can Testosterone Treatment Turn Back the Clock? Testosterone supplementation may improve sexual function in older men

Can Testosterone Treatment Turn Back the Clock? Testosterone supplementation may improve sexual function in older men

2016-03-08

It’s no secret that the privilege of aging comes with inevitable declines in health. As men age, they also see a decline in testosterone levels. New research tries to determine whether testosterone treatments can give men back some of their lost vitality.

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A team of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine conducted seven Testosterone Trials (TTrials), which were designed to see if testosterone therapy could relieve the symptoms of withdrawal from the hormone.

To conduct the study, the team enrolled 790 men, ages 65 and older, at 12 sites across America. All of the participants had lower testosterone levels than young healthy men, low sexual function, difficulty walking or low vitality.

The men were randomly selected to receive either a testosterone gel or placebo gel, which was applied daily for a year. The trial was double blind, meaning neither the researchers nor participants knew who was taking which gel. Researchers measured testosterone levels periodically for a year and monitored prostate and cardiovascular problems.

The research team found that among the men with low sexual function, testosterone treatment modestly improved sexual activity, sexual desire and erectile function compared to the placebo. Among men in all three trials, walking speed and distance also improved with the testosterone treatment.

Though testosterone treatment didn’t significantly affect fatigue symptoms, men in all three groups who received the testosterone reported slight improvements in mood, energy and depressive symptoms.

The study was led by Dr. Peter J. Snyder from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.

“The results of the TTrials show for the first time that testosterone treatment of older men who have unequivocally low testosterone levels does have some benefit,” Dr. Snyder said in the press release. “However, decisions about testosterone treatment for these men will also depend on the results of the other four trials.”

According to the study, researchers found few adverse effects from testosterone treatment. The authors emphasized that larger and longer studies are needed to assess the risk of testosterone treatment in older men.

Researchers said that older men seeking testosterone treatment should consult with a physician.

The results for the first three elements—sexual function, walking and vitality—were reported February 18 in theNew England Journal of Medicine. Results for other outcomes, including cardiovascular, bone density, cognition, and anemia, will be reported in future papers.

The study was funded in part by The National Institute on Aging-The National Institute of Health.

The authors disclosed several potential conflicts of interest, including that Dr. Snyder reported receiving consulting fees from Watson Laboratories. Co-author Dr. Bhasin received fees to serve on advisory boards from Eli Lily and Sanofi, consulting fees from AbbVie and grant support from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lily, AbbVie and Novartis.

Apps for Managing ED

Apps for Managing ED

Health-related apps have exploded on the internet, for both operating systems. It was only a matter of time before those that help to diagnose, manage, or treat ED came into being. There are several on the market today for those who have found that their performance on many different occasions was less than stellar. Some of these apps can give some discreet insight into what might be going on. Apple has an app called “Fire Up Your Sex Drive.” It does seem to make exorbitant claims for itself. The apps purveyor’s claim that not only does it address ED, but kicks one’s libido into high gear. After just 20 days, your sexuality should be advanced by over 80%, developer’s claim. They also say that using this app is the equivalent of taking Viagra. It works by sending out high-frequency alpha waves which will supposedly synchronize to the user’s own brain waves. After slapping down $2.99, a user has to listen to the app for six minutes, once a day. This is thought to stimulate the endocrine system into producing more testosterone, ramping up the sex drive and helping to reverse ED. Trouble is, most men with ED have it because of a physical problem, such as clogged penile arteries. In this case, alpha waves would do little to reverse it. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that this in fact cures the condition.

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Another out of Bangalore, India is called, “Dr. Vasan’s CurED” app. Here, the user answers a series of questions to see if they in fact do have ED. If so, it also determines how severe it is. The app utilizes two professional metrics, the International Index of Erectile Function and Sexual Health Inventory for Men. If the patient receives a poor result, it can even help him contact a doctor. Lastly, there is the Erectile Dysfunction Self-Test. Available on the Google Play store, this app gives a four part, professional screening. Created by an Austrian couple where he is a psychotherapist and she a couple’s and sex therapist, the app gives a fairly accurate assessment and tips to improve the situation. Some of these apps may be helpful. But nothing can replace the experience of seeing a physician or urologist in the flesh and receiving a proper examination. These experts can help determine what is causing ED and how best to cure it. Contact a doctor or urologist near you should you be experiencing ED.

‘Female Viagra’ gets mixed reviews

‘Female Viagra’ gets mixed reviews

2016-03-03

By Elizabeth Cohen, CNN Senior Medical Correspondent

A new review of the “little pink pill” for women with low sexual desire says the drug doesn’t work very well — but some doctors and patients who’ve been using the treatment disagree. The drug, Addyi, or flibanserin, has been on the market since October.

“The data presented in this review suggests that the meaningful change caused by flibanserin is minimal,” according to the team of Dutch researchers.

The researchers looked at eight studies on Addyi that together included nearly 6,000 women. They said for women using the drug, the number of additional “satisfying sexual events” averaged out to about 0.5 per month.

The agency asked Sprout Pharmaceuticals, which makes Addyi, to do more studies on the interaction between Addyi and alcohol.

An editorial accompanying the article, published in JAMA Internal Medicine, questioned the FDA’s approval of the drug. “The FDA approved a marginally effective drug for a non-life-threatening condition in the face of substantial — and unnecessary — uncertainty about its dangers,” wrote Dr. Steven Woloshin and Dr. Lisa Schwartz at the Center for Medicine and the Media at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice.

The researchers said the drug had significant known side effects, such as dizziness, sleepiness, and nausea.

The FDA approved Addyi last August with a “black box warning” to highlight the risks of severe low blood pressure and fainting when patients drink alcohol, take certain drugs, or have liver problems.

 Some doctors and patients who’ve been using Addyi say the drug has been helpful. There are no other FDA-approved treatments for women suffering from low sexual desire.

Dr. Lauren Streicher, medical director of the Center for Sexual Medicine at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, said the results cited in the Dutch study are averages, and while Addyi doesn’t work for everyone, many of her patients have benefited from it.

She says she’s written Addyi prescriptions for about 10 women, and three or four have emailed her back to say it’s worked. “They say, ‘Oh my God, this has changed my life. Things are wonderful,'” Streicher said.

Jodi Cole, a 33-year-old stay-at-home mother from Porter, Oklahoma, said before she started taking Addyi, she didn’t want to have sex with her husband, Matt. “I love my husband and I believe God created emotional and sexual intimacy as key components of marriage. So we had sex, usually a couple of times a week. And while I was willing, part of me dreaded it. Every time,” Cole wrote in an email to CNN.

Cole said she started taking Addyi in November, and within six weeks felt a difference. “I was amazed,” she wrote. “I actually enjoyed being intimate and for the first time in a long time felt that connection with Matt.”

She said for her it wasn’t about increasing the quantity of sex she was having, but rather the quality. “What (Addyi) does is give just enough support so I can think about that part of our relationship with anticipation of pleasure rather than anxiety,” she wrote. She understands Addyi can have side effects, but said women should be able to choose to take it just as men choose to take Viagra despite its side effects.

“I should be able to choose whether the side effects are worth the benefit,” she wrote.

The controversy over Addyi

 

Seldom has one pill raised such controversy among medical professionals.

Doctors who treat women with low libidos tore apart the JAMA study. Streicher, an associate professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, said the study drew “erroneous conclusions.”

The International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health went even further, calling the study “a great disservice to the millions of pre-menopausal women suffering from (hypoactive sexual desire disorder).”

The doctors had several problems with the study’s methodology, including that three of the eight studies the Dutch researchers analyzed were not published. When studies are published, they go through a peer review process to assess whether the study methodology is sound.

One of those studies used a dosage of the drug that was half as high as what the FDA approved.

Dr. Loes Jasper, one of the authors of the Dutch analysis, said she and her colleagues removed the results from that study and still found that Addyi’s affects were minimal.

She said she and her colleagues included the results of the unpublished studies because sometimes negative studies of a drug don’t get published.

“We included all published and unpublished studies to capture a complete overview of the benefits and risks of flibanserin, without bias,” Jaspers wrote in an email to CNN.

According to the FDA, which looked at three clinical trials of Addyi that included about 2,400 women, about 10% more patients treated with Addyi reported meaningful improvements in satisfying sexual events, sexual desire, or reduced distress compared to women taking a placebo.

In their editorial, Woloshine and Schwartz said Sprout and others put pressure on FDA to approve the drug.

“While it is unclear how strongly politics influenced the decision, it is clear that the science was weak,” they wrote. “We all need a drug approval process that delivers good decisions based on adequate evidence.”

Let’s talk about sex to save lives

Let’s talk about sex to save lives

2016-02-24

Ariela Zibiah

Monday, February 22, 2016

A REPORT on sexual and reproductive health of young people in Asia and the Pacific released last month affirms that a significant proportion of young people, 15 to 24-year-olds, are sexually-active, and premarital sex is more common in the Pacific.

The report which was collaboratively produced by the UNFPA, UNESCO and WHO provides analysis based on several variables but among other factors, the report states young people in urban setting are more likely to have earlier sexual debut than their rural counterparts and those who leave schools are more likely to commence rather than those who are still in school.

The report affirms how adolescents across the countries discussed in the report remain discriminated against by gate keepers of essential services particularly the health services and/or those who are supposed to ensure timely and correct sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights information.

Adolescence in limbo

Adolescence is a minefield of emotions that will require a lot more open discussion around sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights issues. It is a critical time of self-defining processes when influencers of world views crowd thought-processes, and in this day and age, parents, guardians and or teachers compete with the rush of the information highway.

Adolescence has historically referred to those between 10-19 and youth between 15 to 24-year-olds. It is a time of transition from childhood to adulthood. For the United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA, this is also a time when good sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights fundamentals must be established.

It is not only a basic human right to ensure our young people are able to achieve the highest attainable sexual and reproductive health standards, but investing in it will eventuate in inclusive national progress.

The report found an increasing number of young people are initiating sexual debut before marriage. A clash between the diverse factors which inform young people’s world views and the sociocultural realities of their communities are inevitably becoming barriers to good sexual and reproductive health.

The region is home to numerous communities where faith-based ideals give power to moral policing without serious consideration or acknowledgment to what is actually driving attitudes, decision-making processes and behaviour of young people in relation to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. The religiosity is compounded by gender dynamics that not surprisingly tilts the burden of poor sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights to girls and women.

It should be no surprise therefore that in the region we are part of, one in seven girls in the region would have given birth by the age 18 in the context of high unmet need of contraceptives (failure to access vital reproductive health service to ensure a lived reproductive right to decide for herself if she wants to have children, how many and at what intervals), in terms of child marriages (a despicable cultural practice with irreparable damage to girls with a rippling effect which impacts national indicators of development) and also in relation to the lack of access to critical information (age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education delays sexual debut as opposed to popular belief that it encourages sexual debut).

Norms as barriers

Entrenched sociocultural practices and attitudes to issues around sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights are the reason why less than half of the 15 to 24-year-olds are reporting not using a condom at the last high-risk sexual encounter.

Taboos which disallows frank discussions around reproductive health and rights is an example of sociocultural barrier to a safer space for our young people. A faith-based consideration should allow the discussion of sexual and reproductive health as a gift for pro-creation and a symbol of love between two people, as Reverend Jeremaia Waqainabete, superintendent minister of the Wesley Division of the Fiji Methodist Church, describes it.

The report emphasises how gender norms have a “profound influence” on young people’s sexual and reproductive health. Most countries indicate a more relaxed attitudes to young men having premarital sex then young women but both sexes are permissive of male premarital sex rather than female premarital sex.

High-risk behaviour which includes multiple sex partners, intergenerational sex and/or sex under the influence of alcohol will increase the likelihood of sexually-transmitted infection including HIV.

The report states: “Young men are more likely to report multiple sexual partners particularly in the Pacific where up to half of young men who have ever had sex reports two or more partners in the last 12 months.”

The relationship between alcohol or substance use and risky sexual behaviour is well-documented. For countries with national data, young men reported much higher rates of sex while drunk than young women “most significantly in the Pacific”.

The Pacific is also well-represented in binge drinking data in the report (entitled Sexual and reproductive health of young people in Asia and the Pacific: A review of issues, policies and programmes) with the highest rate reported in Fiji (21 per cent), PNG (18 per cent) and Solomon Islands (16 per cent). In all countries, risky alcohol use is more common among males than females, with binge drinking rates two-three times higher among adolescent boys.

It is evident that high-risk behaviour has successfully lodged itself into our collective psyche as “normal”. Depriving one of critical sexual and reproductive health information and services like the provision of contraceptives from nurse posts based on socioculturally-influenced reasoning is “normal”.

Serious consideration of these norms which are becoming barriers to both life-saving information and services is urgent for a population that is fundamentally unhealthy cannot be a resilient and productive population.

Family support

and gender equality

The report affirms that families can be important protective influences on our youths. Studies in Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines ascertained a relationship between delayed sexual debut and a close relationship with parents.

Family support will be particularly important for girls. Studies in India, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines suggested a connectedness between adolescent girls and their parents, particularly their mothers, and a family environment that supported gender equality corresponded with delayed first sex among girls.

The Pacific is part of a region that is home to 60 per cent of 1.8 billion people aged 10 to 24-year-olds in the world today.

We may not be a landlocked area but there is significant interaction by air and sea. If the lack of forthrightness in issues related to sexual and reproductive health and the rather high levels of sexually-transmitted infections is anything to go by, then an underlying albeit inconspicuous consequence awaits.

The inability to accept the fact that our children are being exposed to issues around sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights at a much earlier age will continue to throw back data as reported in the report like 10 per cent of males and 20 per cent of females in the age group of 15-24, report having a sexually-transmitted infection or its symptoms in a period of 12 months.

It is a sociocultural and economic imperative to shed ourselves of the façade of taboo. The consequences of inaction is unfathomable and a deadly legacy to leave behind as a people.

* This is the first article in a series of four.

* Ariela Zibiah is the communication analyst at the UNFPA Pacific subregional office.

Flagging sex life? How watching reality TV or wearing high heels may be to blame

Flagging sex life? How watching reality TV or wearing high heels may be to blame

2016-02-09

  • Maintaining your libido can be a delicate balance of health and desire
  • Numerous things – from everyday foods to gadgets – may interfere 
  • Good Health looks at surprising reasons your love life could be off-kilter

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When your relationship has gone beyond the first flush of passion, maintaining your libido can be a delicate balance of health and desire.

And it doesn’t help that numerous things – from everyday foods to gadgets – may interfere with your sexual performance.

Here, Good Health looks at some of the more surprising reasons your love life could be off-kilter…

 

SUFFERING FROM A BUNGED-UP NOSE

 

Smell plays an important role in our recognition of pheromones – the scents given off by a partner’s body through sweat – and affects sexual behaviour.

 

A 2012 study at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden found that men with no sense of smell had significantly fewer sexual partners than those with a normal nasal function, and women with no sense of smell felt less secure in their relationships.

 

Psychologist Dr Ilona Croy, who led the study, says having impaired smell will give you a disadvantage in the mating game.

 

‘A lot of social signals are transported through the olfactory channel (the nose lining and associated nerves) and a depleted sense of smell makes it likely that you might miss them,’ she says.

Simply having a cold could also affect the sex drive of both men and women, adds Dr David Edwards, an Oxfordshire GP and sexual health specialist.

‘Viral infections can temporarily reduce testosterone levels,’ he explains.

GOING ON A DIET

If you’re trying to slim down, it could have an unwanted side-effect.

Losing weight too quickly puts stress on the body – even if you are a healthy weight – which can trigger the release of a hormone called prolactin, a powerful suppressor of sex drive.

‘Stress like this can also mean a reduction in oestrogen and testosterone levels, which is why a woman’s menstrual cycle can become irregular,’ says Dr Sarah Brewer, a GP and the author of Overcoming Low Sex Drive.

Losing more than 10 per cent of your body weight too quickly can make the body think it’s starving, which can cause sexual interest to fall, she adds.

SLIPPING ON A PAIR OF HEELS

They may look sexy, but high heels could make sex less enjoyable for some women.

Dr Eden Fromberg, a New York-based gynaecologist, says that because heeled shoes tip the body forwards, this forces the postural muscles to contract as the body works to maintain an upright posture.

‘If the pelvic floor muscles are chronically contracted, they can become tight and therefore restrict the passage of nerve impulses going through them to the reproductive organs and arousal tissue,’ she says.

‘Wearing high heels all day can affect a woman’s orgasm – there is a reported improvement in female patients who retire their heels or use them only rarely.’

HAVING A DESK JOB

A sedentary job is just as bad for a woman’s potential to orgasm, warns Dr Fromberg.

‘If you sit with rounded shoulders and your tail tucked under for hours, the muscles of your pelvic floor and the psoas muscle (which runs diagonally from the lower back through to the groin) remain chronically at “half mast” – not stretched or contracted,’ she says.

This can affect the signals passing along important nerves leading to the reproductive organs. ‘Bucket chairs and recliners are the worst for exacerbating the sorts of postural problems that can lead to compromised sexual pleasure,’ she adds.

The body is designed to move constantly, so the more active you are, the more effectively blood supply and nerve signalling can work.

BEING HOOKED ON REALITY TV

People who have a TV in their bedroom have sex half as often as those who don’t, according to a 2006 study of 523 Italian couples.

The effect is more marked for the over-50s, with the average of seven couplings a month falling to just 1.5 on average.

The study found certain programmes – violent films and reality shows – impede passion.

According to Dr Edwards, good sexual relations depend on couples communicating with each other, not sitting side by side watching television.

‘If whatever you are watching makes you sad or grumpy, it is more likely to affect your libido,’ he says.

Technology can affect your love life in other ways, too. Sitting and spending more than seven hours a day on an electronic gadget (such as a phone or tablet) can trigger back pain, according to the British Chiropractic Association, and a recent survey of 2,000 people by backpainhelp.com found that 25 per cent had avoided sex because of back pain.

Men who carry a mobile phone switched on for at least four hours a day are at greater risk of erectile dysfunction than men who use phones intermittently, reported a study last year in the Central European Journal of Urology.

One suggestion is that heat could be to blame.

YOUR ‘CUDDLY’ LOVE HANDLES

As well as triggering energy slumps, excess sugar in the diet is laid down as fat, which can raise oestrogen levels, reducing the effect of testosterone in women and men.

‘The more body fat you have, the more chance the testosterone in your system will be bound into the fat, which means less “free testosterone”,’ says Dr Edwards.

‘Not only will this reduce libido, it makes you more likely to gather fat in your abdomen, which binds to any remaining testosterone, so diminishing your available supply.’

Fat around the middle is a particular problem, because it can lead to a reduction in a sex hormone-binding protein called globulin, which is produced by your liver, explains Dr Mark Vanderpump, a consultant endocrinologist at the Royal Free Hospital, London.

This protein attaches itself to testosterone, transporting it around the body. ‘Men with lower levels tend to have a lower concentration of testosterone,’ he says.

THAT WEEKEND BIKE RIDE

Men who exercise regularly have a 70 per cent reduced risk of erectile dysfunction compared with men who do none – but serious cyclists are more likely to suffer impotence.

It seems the firm, angular saddles can put pressure on nerves and arteries around the groin, reducing blood flow to the penis.

‘If there is bruising to the pudendal nerve (a major nerve in the groin that runs from the genitals to the base of the spine), erectile dysfunction can last for up to two years,’ says Dr Edwards.

But it’s more typically seen on Mondays or Tuesdays after a weekend in the saddle, he adds.

He recommends saddles with a deep groove down the middle – to relieve pressure on the nerve – or putting a cushioned gel pad on top. ‘If cycling leaves you with a numbness or tingling in your groin, it’s time to adjust your seating arrangements.’

YOUR FEET ARE JUST TOO COLD

Women need warm feet for orgasm, suggested a Dutch study published in 2005. Researchers revealed that 80 per cent of women were able to achieve orgasm when they wore socks, compared with 50 per cent when barefoot.

According to Professor Gert Holstege, a neuroscientist at the University of Groningen who led the stud: ‘The feet play a significant role in maintaining body temperature, and by regulating internal climate the mind and body can come into a relaxed state needed for an orgasmic release.’

P.S. BEER MAY MAKE YOU A BETTER LOVER

The popular perception is that beer puts a downer on a man’s love life. However, Dr Kat Van Kirk, a sex therapist and associate professor at the Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality in Los Angeles, says that beer can actually make men better in bed because the plant chemicals (phytoestrogens) it contains may help to delay orgasm.


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